Handling, Storage and Disposal of Samples

Taking care of, Storage and Disposal of Samples Desires for a Health Care Professional In the histology research facility all examples show up fixed in 10% cushioned formalin. In the research facility, the example and the solicitation structure are marked with a similar lab number. The examples are left in a similar request the lab number is given and handled. Wellbeing gloves and a cover are worn when preparing the example. Unfixed examples got in a plane holder are fixed in 10% formalin which is economically arranged and left for one day to process. This is done if the example requires obsession. Certain examples are a special case to this standard. Lymph hubs are enveloped by cloth when lymphoma is suspected, skin areas for Immunofluorescence because of Pemphigus vulgaris are suspended in saline arrangement, and solidified segments are not fixed since new tissue is separated for minuscule assessment. Regardless of whether the outcome has been accounted for or not figures out which tests are arranged and put away if the outcome has been accounted for or not: After the examples are handled the bits of the example that were not embedded in the tape are set back inside the separate holder. The fixed example in the compartment is refrigerated until the outcome is accounted for (figure1). 3 weeks in the wake of announcing the outcome a removal list is made and the examples to be arranged are stuffed inside boxes, marked and afterward sent for burning. Tests, for example, baby are saved for entombment. Void holders are left for a week and a half as a quality control and for human blunders. By and large the mark on the holder shows the kind of example so the unfilled compartments are left in the event that check of sort of example is required. Squares and slides are put away forever inside an extra space. All squares and slides are cautiously and systematically documented so they are accessible for records or for future reference. As years pass squares stay unaltered however recolors on the slide will in general blur so there is test weakening. Subsequent to cutting, the squares are put in numerical request as per the year and put inside boxes. The first and the last number of the squares in each container are composed on the cases. All sides and top box are marked and fixed with tape. Slides are recorded in numerical request after the report is given. Slides are put in a slide box and the lab number of the first and keep going slide are composed on the case. Powerful self-administration of time and remaining burden The opening times for the histology are from 6.00 am till 5.00 pm. The lab is open from Monday till Sunday and time shifts are accessible so the research facility stays increasingly open and more assistance is given to the general population. The research center doesn't open during night move since brings about the histology lab are not viewed as critical. Results should initially be seen by the pathologist so no prompt outcomes are required so handling is finished during the day. Tests that are viewed as earnest In histology, examples are not viewed as earnest since they must be seen by the pathologist results are given. Solidified areas are viewed as earnest since the example must be immediately handled so an intra-employable choice can be taken by the specialist. Tests can likewise be viewed as pressing when a pathologist needs the outcomes in a speedy time, because of medical procedure booked on that day or the next day. Vocation Long Self Directed Learning What is CPD? CPD represents Continuing Professional Development, a progressing free preparing program in histopathology including histology and cytology (Institute of biomedical Science, 2011). It is characterized as â€Å"The precise upkeep, improvement and widening of information and aptitudes, and the advancement of individual characteristics, important for the execution of expert and specialized obligations all through the practitioner’s working life† (The Chartered Institution of Highways Transportation, 2011). This implies CPD permits the business to improve and to broaden information, quality, fitness and aptitudes in his/her calling. What establishes CPD movement? A CPD is comprised by gatherings, short courses, meetings or workshops that are made to educate different individuals regarding stuff or even people in general. Association and support are basic for an effective CPD. It must be straightforward, responsible and noticeable (Fox, 2004, p.182). CPD should be possible: To introduce one’s own examination report With the guide of sites, diaries, banners, books and other printed media To show something experienced during work, that can bear some significance with rest of the laborers To make and empower new methods and changes Present another course that will be of intriguing to people in general or laborers How does the CPD plot advantage Pathology businesses? A CPD plot empowers the biomedical researcher to build up the essential information, perspectives, individual adequacy and abilities for his/her expert practice. The business must distinguish his/her and their employer’s adapting needs. So as to improve quiet consideration the business must be exceptional on realities, new ideas and in particular on sentiment and accord (The Royal College of Pathologists, 2010). The business can record movement and archive all learning accomplished (Academy of Medical Royal Colleges, 2010). This is done not for just the present yet in addition for future movement (Institute of biomedical Science, 2011). What are the advantages to a biomedical researcher (the worker) taking part in the CPD plot? Stay up with the latest with current fast and growing information (The Royal College of Pathologists, 2010). Builds work fulfillment, profitability and nature of working life (Chen, Chang Yeh, 2006) Secure new aptitudes for protected and compelling practice. This develops trust in the worker (Institute of biomedical Science, 2011). Advance proficient thoughts and new activities, expanding work fulfillment (Institute of biomedical Science, 2011). Documentation of all that is found out from the plan is energized (The Royal College of Pathologists, 2010). Advantage from quality control measures (Academy of Medical Royal Colleges, 2010). Empower intelligent practice (Academy of Medical Royal Colleges, 2010). Decrease danger of clinical segregation (The Royal College of Pathologists, 2010). Get ready for new jobs model administrative. Bosses esteem representatives that experience ceaseless CPD since such workers show learning deftness (Chen et al., 2006; Royal College of Pathologists, 2010). Keep up a notoriety of the biomedical belonging and open confirmation (The Royal College of Pathologists, 2010). Where is the data identifying with CPD shown in Pathology? At the point when a CPD meeting will be held every single biomedical researcher are educated through an email. The email is sent to the guideline to ensure that all the histology staff thinks about the gathering. Vertical Audit Site of birthplace The trucut tests were taken from the correct bosom upper external quadrant (Figure 2) Test Taking and Description of test The trucut biopsy is taken after a mammography indicated a dubious outcome. To analyze, a trucut biopsy was performed. A trucut (center) biopsy is for the most part done to test tissues from a strong mass or calcium stores, expanding affectability (Youk, Kim, Kim, Lee Oh, 2007). Extremely little masses or masses that are too profound are examined utilizing a managing imaging procedure. No scars are left in the wake of testing. It has the benefit of being profoundly touchy and explicit (Sadler et al., 1994). The biopsy was performed at Mater Dei’s careful working theater (SOP) (in the Breast Clinic). The patient was given neighborhood sedative and left for a couple of moments. A 16mm measure center needle (figure 3) was then used to acquire the tissue tests. The tissues inspected contain tissues from the mass and typical solid tissues from the bosom. The segments tested contain additionally give more analytic data than mammography and fine needle desire. The examples are bigger than FNA in this manner results are progressively precise (Kasraeian, Allison, Ahlmann, Fedenko Menendez, 2010). The clinician or attendant restricted the mass and its limits and the mass was then immobilized. The needle was embedded through the skin into the irregularity and the tissue segment was taken. To expand the odds of finding 6 trucut examples were taken. Their length changed from 9mm to 14 mm. The needle was then withdrawn. The trucut examples were then brought into a holder contain 10% supported formalin. The compartment and the solicitation structure where gotten in the histology research facility the next day. Example gathering/numbering A dispatch brought the trucut example for histology preparing into the histology lab. In the lab, the solicitation structure which meets up with the example was left for a day where enrollment and preparing started. The next day, the assistant utilized the HOE framework to include information so they can be accessible just in the lab. The ID number of the patient was inputted trailed by area the example was examined model BOFFA, the name of the clinical lab researcher, and the name of the pathologist/advisor. In the event that accessible, the full scale assessment results were likewise included. A name containing the lab number, the letter on the tape, the last two digits of the year, and the patient’ name and family name was arranged and printed. The mark was set up to name the slide in the wake of recoloring (for this situation just one name was required). Example Registration The example and its separate solicitation structure were both marked with a standardized identification containing a particular research center number. The standardized identification was stuck on the highest point of the solicitation structure and at the rear of the compartment (without covering any patient’s subtleties). The lab number was likewise composed with the guide of marker on the tap of the holder. The solicitation structure was stepped at the top and at the base with the date where it

010 Saying Why it Matters Professor Ramos Blog

010 Saying Why it Matters Fast Write Fast Write For what reason does the paper of your point matter? What are the bigger ramifications or outcomes? What should your peruser detract from your exposition? What of it? Saying Why it Matters The â€Å"so what?† enables the peruser to comprehend what the bigger ramifications or results of the point are. Midterm Presentations Keep introductions between 3 to 5 minutes. Fast Write Does school despite everything make a difference? Why or why not. Remark underneath this post. Gathering Work We had two readings during the current week. We are going to separate the readings and work in gatherings to make sense of the primary takeaways, significant focuses, and vital models we have to recollect. Part 13 (â€Å"Don’t Make Them Scroll Up: Entering Online Conversations) (166-175) Liz Addison’s Two Years are Better Than Four (365) You will have ten minutes to make sense of the primary concerns. Pick a copyist, and moderator. Review the focuses on the board. The moderator will have 3 minutes to clarify the central matters. What contention is Addison reacting to? Addison talks about her own instruction experience as a major aspect of the contention. What job does this utilization of personal story play in her contention? Does school despite everything make a difference?

MIT is just another place

MIT is just another place The Tech MITs oldest and largest newspaper (established in 1861!) published a letter to the editor from Folkers E. Rojas on February 28th that I found quite intriguing (and think you might, too). I especially agree with Folkers paragraph that begins I started to paint again.  Without further ado, here are Folkers words: MIT is just another place Prior to arriving at MIT, you might harbor the notion that it is a magical place where unicorns, dragons, and fairies exist. After the first three weeks, the honeymoon is over and you find out that it is a lot of work. The work is manageable, but only if you are not in 10 other activities outside of classes. Supposedly, students that are accepted to MIT are “well-rounded.” In reality, we found science/engineering fun and easy; thus allowing time for us to be the presidents of clubs, play sports, and sleep. Everyone hits the realization that you can’t do everything some time during the first four terms at MIT. I was told prior to arriving at MIT that it was going to be hard work, so I came prepared to reduce my nonacademic commitments. For the first three terms, I treated MIT like most upperclassmen have in the past, and like some freshmen and sophomores still do: a place to leave after earning a degree. Then I came to the realization that I was unhappy, not because of MIT, but because I had forgotten who I was. MIT became about surviving classes, not pursuing knowledge. I decided to make an effort to enjoy MIT, and that is when it all got better. I started to paint again, to work out, and to have a social life. When it came to classes, every class had a purpose. Each class had a syllabus of their goals and objectives; then I would find something that I wanted to learn that could run in parallel to the course material. For example, I took 2.001 (Mechanics and Materials I) because I wanted to be able to design a small-scale bridge and calculate how strong I could make it for very little weight. I never ended up making the bridge, but every time I went to class I thought of how I could use the course material to design it. Stress, beam bending, and trusses became tools for what I wanted to do and ceased being academic objectives. Grades started to no longer matter. I stopped going after the A or B in the course; instead, I went for understanding the material and concepts. I can always go back to a book to find an equation, but understanding the “why” was more important. My approach was not foolproof. I did poorly in classes and realized that it was better to finish the term with three good classes than with four/five poor classes. You don’t get anything out of taking five classes if you don’t do well. Focus on deeply understanding the material. It is important to note that we are not defined by our failures. We are defined how we overcome our failures and move forward. Research is all about failing, and knowing what does not work, so we can discover and innovate on the one thing that works. Faculty have drawers of rejected papers and proposals. Those who have never failed do not understand the process of getting up. On a recent plane flight, I was sitting next to an MIT alum and we had a nice long conversation. We share a bond that transcends time; we both survived Boot Camp MIT. Staying up until 3 a.m. working on a problem set question because you want to find the answer; you don’t want it given to you. We have the ability to create our own heaven or hell. It really depends on the individual. Try discussing probability with people outside of MIT or quantum mechanics, and chances are that you are going to feel different or misunderstood. Or brilliant! MIT is just another place. You can be successful without coming to MIT. It is the drive for knowledge, to be surrounded by individuals that feel the same nerdy way we do about science and engineering that brings us together to such a place. You have to love the place, in order to be happy. If not, why did you come to MIT in the first place? MIT is not a place where parental desires matter. At the end of the day, there is only your desire for knowledge that will keep you up at night. For me, MIT is a playground. I can play around going on the monkey bars and have fun, or consider it exercise and be miserable. After 16 continuous terms (SB, MS, and now PhD candidate) at the Institute, I have found that MIT has so much more to offer than classes. Your education is only half of the learning. Sometimes the other half is the most important half with three important points: One, learning to keep good friends; two, enjoying life independent of the work load; and three, getting to know yourself. I joke around with “renewing my contract” with the Institute, and that I must be insane to keep wanting to stay here. There are no bars or time required to stay; the only thing that keeps us here is our desire. We can all leave at any time we please, move on with our lives, and be successful in the world. MIT is just another place where we come together for the pursuit of knowledge and personal growth: nothing more, nothing less. There are no unicorns, unless they are part of a hack. The only dragon is probably one painted on the halls of Bexley. We don’t have fairies â€" only snow flurries. Folkers E. Rojas G Heres a link to the article on the TECHs website:  http://tech.mit.edu/V132/N7/letters.html Thanks for allowing me to repost this Folkers! -Gabe

Essay on The Fundamental Principles of Environmental Science

The Fundamental Principles of Environmental Science Jessica Cameron ENV 100 August 5, 2013 Andrew Walsh The Fundamental Principles of Environmental Science Environmental science is defined as an interdisciplinary field that combines the scientific information from several disciplines not limited to biology, geology, physics and economics (Berg amp; Hagar, 2009, p. 1.5) to understand and influence the environment. The reason that environmental science is so important is because it brings to light the damage done to the earth and the things that can be done to help the earth find and maintain sustainability through future generations. One of the things that affect the sustainability of the planet is technology. The†¦show more content†¦Technology is not all negative either. With the growing technology we have the ability to focus on the damage that has occurred to our planet. Scientists can test the ground water for pollutants. Machines in labs run tests to predict what the earth might look like for future generations. Sometimes technology can be a step in the right direction. We just need to look at how to do things that are directed more closely at Earth sustainability and less at the bottom dollar. The textbook states that sustainability means that the world will remain intact and that the resources in the environment will not run out even though human beings are using those resources (Berg amp; Hagar, 2009 1.2.1). There are several things that threaten environmental sustainability. One of the urgent problems is humanity. Just in the last twelve years population on earth grew from five billion people to six billion (Berg amp; Hagar, 2009). Environmental sustainability should be studied because it is important to the continued existence of life. Throughout history people have had both sustainable and unsustainable interactions with the planet. When colonists first came to America they tilled the soil, and cut down the trees to build colonies. It was a time of environmental destruction (Berg amp; Hagar, 2009). It wasn’t until after the civil war that American’sShow MoreRelatedEnvironmental Science Essay1154 Words   |  5 PagesEnvironmental Fundamentals Laura Jackson Env/100 April 8, 2013 JOHN ENSWORTH Environmental Fundamentals Introduction Environmental science is defined as the study of the environment and the interconnecting systems it contains, furthermore, the way people interact with their natural surroundings and use natural resources (wise geek, 2013). Scientist in this field is highly interdisciplinary and extremely diverse, for example, a scientist might study volcanoes or climate change. 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Normative Ethics And Ethical Ethics Essay - 1434 Words

Normative ethics is defined as the study of ethical action, or in other words, the analysis of how one should act when faced with a dilemma, morally speaking. It evaluates the standards with regard the rightness and wrongness of an act. Descriptive ethics investigates moral beliefs while normative ethics evaluates actions. While descriptive ethics how many people believe that act is ethical, normative ethics investigate whether it is correct to have these beliefs. normative ethics therefore can aid in applied ethics, which is a philosophical examination of what will be the morally correct course to take in different areas of one s life. This makes normative ethics crucial in understanding whether Frankie did the moral thing in the movie Million Dollar Baby. The movie Million Dollar Baby revolves around the painful questions, and perennially ethical dilemma associated with euthanasia -- whether it is correct or wrong, whether the wishes to die of a dying person should be entertained and respected, and whether taking a life can be ever considered, regardless of the circumstances surrounding the decision. No standard answers can be given to these questions; it ultimately depends on the person’s moral compass and the ethical theory he or she adheres to. The paper will analyze Frankie’s actions using two major normative ethical theories of utilitarianism and deontology. Frankie is the old, Catholic trainer of the female boxer protagonist, Maggie. When Maggie sustained seriousShow MoreRelatedEthical Ethics And Normative Ethics1078 Words   |  5 Pagestwo questions are examples of why mete-ethics and normative ethics exist. To be able to create an environmental ethic, one must have a sense of moral conclusion. 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I will provide an overview of the types of ethics I will use and evaluate the ways in which the use of these ethics would be practicalRead MoreNormative ethical subjectivism and the four arguments aganist it with examples1418 Words   |  6 PagesNormative ethical subjectivism is an ethical stance that attempts to specify circumstances under which an action is morally right or wrong using four distinct arguments that try to prove this claim. Normative ethical subjectivism claims that an act is morally right if, and only if, the person judging the action approves of it. Stemming form this view on ethics a normative ethical theory has been made. An ethical theory is a theory of what is right and wrong. This stance on ethics is the opposite

Primary Colors Free Essays

3/7/13 Film Review: Primary Colors The film I reviewed for this assignment was Primary Colors; the film is very closely related to Bill Clinton’s 1992 presidential campaign. The film stars John Travolta who plays a charismatic southern governor by the name of Jack Stanton. Jack is trying to win the Democratic Party’s nomination for President of the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Primary Colors or any similar topic only for you Order Now Henry Burton, an idealist is impressed by Jack’s warmth and likeability with the people so he joins Jack’s team as a political adviser. This is an example of material covered in lecture; Jack Stanton’s party was very influential so they recruited Burton. After participating in an intense debate against his democratic rivals, Henry’s ex-girlfriend asks Jack a question about his previous arrest during the 1968 democratic convention in Chicago. Jack’s team of political advisors becomes worried that his blemished past could come into play and effect his chances to win. The team hires Jack’s old friend Libby Holden and basically keep her on retainer. The presidential advisors hired her in anticipation to womanizing allegations that might surface since Jack was notorious for that. Libby Holden’s job is to respond to attacks that can negatively affect Jack’s candidacy. One of the women Jack was having an affair with produces secret taped conversations of the pair to prove that the affair took place. After finding out that the tapes have been altered, Libby finds the man responsible for the tapes. Libby forces him at gunpoint to sign a letter admitting what he did so the public can see. The campaign team is shocked when â€Å"Big Willie†, Jack’s old friend tells Burton that his 16 year old daughter is pregnant and Jack is the father. They convince Big Willie to keep quiet on the issue. Jack’s team decides to take a different approach to the campaign since they are falling behind in the polls. Jack attacks his rival, Senator Lawrence Harris for being pro-Israel and also for wanting to cut Medicare. During a radio debate, Harris confronts Jack but has a heart attack. Harris later announces that he will be withdrawing from the presidential race. Fred Picker, a former governor of Florida and friend of Harris takes his place. Jack’s political advisors see Picker as a potential threat so they dig up nformation about his past. Henry and Libby discover that Picker had a cocaine addiction as Governor of Florida and it ultimately lead to the end of his first marriage. Henry and Libby also find out that Picker had a homosexual affair. They share their findings with Jack and his wife Susan not expecting them to use the potentially harmful information. Jack and Susan decide to leak the information to the press a nd Libby in turn threatens to tell about the affairs and reveal the real results of the paternity test that says his is the father of the 16 year girl’s baby. Libby is an emotional wreck and can’t believe what kind of people the Stanton’s really are. Libby can’t bear the fact that she has idealized them her whole life and they are not at all what she thought, she commits suicide. Filled with guilt after Libby’s death, Jack goes to Picker and presents all of the information and apologizes for everything. Picker willingly admits to his past and withdraws from the campaign. After everything, Henry is not happy being part of Jack’s team and is thinking about withdrawing from the campaign. Jack convinces Henry to stay and says they will make history together if he stays. Jack ultimately wins the election and becomes president of the United States. The class lecture reinforces what took place in this part of the film. Political advisors/consultants first seek out political candidates to work for just like in this particular film. When Henry tried to quit the campaign after realizing what type of person Jack really was, the Political Candidate was the one who asked for help. Political candidates are seeking out political advisors/consultants because they can improve their chances of winning an election. This film is a fairly accurate portrayal of presidential candidate Bill Clinton in 1992. Clinton is essentially played by the Southern Governor Jack Stanton. Primary Colors provides an interesting insight on the scandals of Bill Clinton’s presidency. I find it interesting that these political candidates are fighting to be the leader of the nation and they use foul language and engage in questionable ethical behavior. Jack Stanton’s character who is running for president is a womanizer and resorts to Nixon style tactics. Jack believes that if the ends justify the means then it is okay. I can’t imagine a sequel to this movie for two reasons; the first one is the fact that the film is over 20 years old, and the second reason is the fact that neither Hillary nor Bill are in the public eye as much and Hillary Clinton did not win the presidential election. In my opinion, manipulation is the most important theme in this film; the political consultants manipulate the presidential campaign in favor of Jack Stanton. Since the film is closely centered on the 1992 Clinton campaign, I find it to be an accurate portrayal of campaign communication. A sense of charisma may be projected in a candidate’s image, most often through the communication of campaign discourse. Chapter four in our book states â€Å"A charismatic candidate may also be one who conveys a warm and friendly image, who seems genuine and personable, one who is comfortable speaking and who has the capacity t speak from his or her heart†. This definition fits Jack Stanton’s character to a tee. He seemed warm and genuine and he was extremely likeable. How to cite Primary Colors, Essay examples

Essay for Discussion of the Claim- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write about the Essay forEssay for Discussion of the Claim. Answer: Swearing, Offensive language and Hate speech Recognized globally as democratic, freedom of speech has its short comings. Hale Basides (2013) defend the use of swearing in language pointing out that words comprise of phrases and some of them are meaningless. This is the case when the words are impractical and do not add up or make sense. However, sometimes words have the power to shape or destroy a destiny. That is why Fish (1994) questions the effectiveness of freedom of expression through speech. Although there are impractical words, evidence shows that words can influence people. Some case in which the effect has been strong is in the use of swearing as offensive language or in hate speech. Words have meaning hence they are not inertia. Some defend this use of language stating that it depends on the context used. In fact, the dictionary defines swearing in two ways, as offensive language as and it also includes a promise made to someone (Webster , 2017). When used offensively words irritate, mislead and can be destructive. This is the case when language use contains coarse, forbidden or hateful words. Ill spoken words could affect people individually or as a society(Halmari, 2011). Freedom of speech becomes harmful when the words become irritants to some people raising concerns on the benefits of such careless talk (Fish, 1994). An example is in the TV and PR communications where obnoxious language includes the taking of oaths, use of cursing in words, obscenities and aggressiveness connotations. This includes casual words used in film, performing arts, adverts or music videos. People in the contemporary world are cynical and it is difficult to make judgements about motives. In a world where cultural diversity describes the international scene, norms and values appear similar yet they are different. Ecclestone (2008) highlights that some of the words used are taboo and should not be subject to open discussion. In certain parts of the world, words can lead to imprisonment or punitive measure. The illegal use of vulgar language in this case has negative consequences on the one giving the speech(Allan Burridge, 2006). Companies have lost their brand image and respect due to the use of loose language in communication and advertising. It is easy to misinterpret someones language as rude or illicit depending on the cultural or social perceptions. In politics words have defined racism and hate speech which contains words spoken against some communities (Halmari, 2011). Jay (2009) refers to the global effects showing their influence on individuals and groups in the present and futture generations. Words can inspire or influence people in the right or wrong direction. The adoption of quotes made by racists such as Hitler continues to influence generations today. Young people are heard uttering forbidden words and phrases amongst their peers and especially in the entertainment scene. This debate leads to discussions about the psychological influence that words have on people(Hughes, 2010). One of the greatest influences of human perception is the media. It is no wonder that advertisers capitalize on media platforms to create content that captures attention. The media has a major role in communictaion effects(Kaye Sapolsky, 2001). It is hard to ignore the use of words in digital media today. Social media is one of the most effective communication tools used by hatemongers like terrorists to spread racist and extremist thoughts. Words in contemporary society occur through the global culture and spreads through the internet. Rasool identifies the negative elements of langugae to show its power to influence in national or state governance contibuted to the masacre of innocent communities. White (2002) gives the example of Australian conflicts showing how the indigeneous and non indigeneous breakdown at the impact of irrational and offensive language on the plight of young people. As one of the modern day quagminres, the indigeneous situation continues to mindboggle agencies. Attempts to create unity in the region is deemed futile because of the effect of such language on communities. Attempts to bridge the gap between natives and non natives is frustrating because of the existing bitterness cultivated by words. This is an example of words which have created deep wounds across generations. This comes out when Waldron (2012) looks at the practical examples for the modern systems. Still, racism continues to feature among the civilised people in the education systems, workplace and social settings. Many people have lost their lives globally because someone uttered a word that inspired another to act by bombing or shooting certain groups of people out of hate. Therefore it is impossible to ignore words because evidence proves their effect on society. Individuals and groups have suffered psychological trauma based on words spoken by others. This is the cause of inferiority complex in a number of communities such as the indigeneous. The impact of words could also be so grave as to lead to death. Whether their harm is minimal or grave, words remain powerful and carry different meanings depending on their contexts. Freedom of speech is a political term used to encourage peaceful coexistence. At the same time, it proves to be a breeding ground for vices such as hate, terrorism and conflict. Used on the internet in social media, words are as infleunctial as a politcal ideology. People should guard against torturing themselves over words or quotes used by someone else against them. It is the only way to avoid the pschological impact of negative utterances. References Allan, K., Burridge, K. (2006). Forbidden Words: Taboo and the Censoring of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ecclestone, R. (2008, June 7). Warning: Contains coarse language. The Australian. The Australian. Retrieved September 25, 2017, from https://www.theaustralian.com.au/life/weekend-australian-magazine/warning-contains-coarse-language/news-story/16b73d75a66707f111a85064a9c0c3d6 Fish, S. E. (1994). Theres no such thing as free speech: and its a good thing too. Cary ( NC): Oxford University Press. Hale, A., Basides, H. (2013). The keys to academic english: educators guide. South Yarra: Macmillan. Retrieved September 26, 2017, from https://cdn-media.macmillan.com.au/palgrave/lecturer-restricted/TheKeystoAcademicEnglish-EducatorsGuide.pdf Halmari, H. (2011). Political correctnedd, euphemism, and langugae change: The case of ''people first'". Journal of Pragmatics, 43, 828-840. Hughes, G. (2010). Political Correctness: A history of semantics and culture. Chichester (UK): Wiley-Blackwell. Jay, T. (2009). Do offensive words harm people? Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 15(2), 81-101. Kaye, B. K., Sapolsky, B. (2001). Offensive language in prime time television: Before and after content ratings. Journal of Broadcasting Electronic Media, 45(2), 303-319. Rasool, N. (1998). Postmodernity, cultural pluralism and nation state: Problems of language Rights, Human Rights, Identity and Power. Language Sciences, 20(1), 89-99. Waldron, J. (2012). The harm in hate speech. Cambridge ( MA ): Harvard University Press. Webster Dictionary. (2017). Swear. Retrieved from merriam-webster.com: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/swear White, R. (2002). Indigeneous young Ausralians, criminal justice and offensive language. Journal of Youth Studies, 21-34.

Team Building Interventions

Free Essays on Belly Dancing

Belly Dancing There have been many theories about the origin of belly dancing. Belly dancing comes from the Arab term Bella D which means native dance and native rhythm. Belly dancing is traced way back to 3500 BC from the Ferro’s. Nevertheless, belly dancing can also be found in Northern Africa, Greece, Egypt, Allegros, Morocco, Northern Turkey, Northern India and the Mediterranean. Belly dancing is also a form of communication that tells a women’s point of view and expresses emotions. The first time this type of dancing was brought into the U.S. was in 1893 at Chicago’s world fair. Then in the early 1900’s little Egypt made belly dancing popular and extended all the way to Broadway and Hollywood. There are three major types of belly dancing that is practiced and performed in the United States. One of them being American Nightclub, two-American Tribal, and three-Modern Egyptian Nightclub. More so, Oriental Dance has influenced the evolution of Modern Dance in the hands of leaders Ruth St. Denis and Isadora Duncan. The Orientalists were Europeans who visited the Middle East during the 1800’s. After their visits to Europe they returned to their homelands that intrigued them either to write or create paintings. In most cases, people used their great artistic license in their works to titillate their countrymen back home with stories about exotic, sexy, barely-clothed women. Sometimes without even seeing these belly dancers, people would use their imagination and create these fabulous paintings of an image they created on their own. However, others were just admirable of their culture and painted from their inner most spiritual feelings. There isn’t just one specific type of belly dancing that is performed around the world. There are many different types of belly dancing. Such dances include Floor work, Gypsy, Flamenco and Middle Eastern Dance, Hagallah, Snake, Trance and Veil are just some of the more familiar and tradi... Free Essays on Belly Dancing Free Essays on Belly Dancing Belly Dancing There have been many theories about the origin of belly dancing. Belly dancing comes from the Arab term Bella D which means native dance and native rhythm. Belly dancing is traced way back to 3500 BC from the Ferro’s. Nevertheless, belly dancing can also be found in Northern Africa, Greece, Egypt, Allegros, Morocco, Northern Turkey, Northern India and the Mediterranean. Belly dancing is also a form of communication that tells a women’s point of view and expresses emotions. The first time this type of dancing was brought into the U.S. was in 1893 at Chicago’s world fair. Then in the early 1900’s little Egypt made belly dancing popular and extended all the way to Broadway and Hollywood. There are three major types of belly dancing that is practiced and performed in the United States. One of them being American Nightclub, two-American Tribal, and three-Modern Egyptian Nightclub. More so, Oriental Dance has influenced the evolution of Modern Dance in the hands of leaders Ruth St. Denis and Isadora Duncan. The Orientalists were Europeans who visited the Middle East during the 1800’s. After their visits to Europe they returned to their homelands that intrigued them either to write or create paintings. In most cases, people used their great artistic license in their works to titillate their countrymen back home with stories about exotic, sexy, barely-clothed women. Sometimes without even seeing these belly dancers, people would use their imagination and create these fabulous paintings of an image they created on their own. However, others were just admirable of their culture and painted from their inner most spiritual feelings. There isn’t just one specific type of belly dancing that is performed around the world. There are many different types of belly dancing. Such dances include Floor work, Gypsy, Flamenco and Middle Eastern Dance, Hagallah, Snake, Trance and Veil are just some of the more familiar and tradi...

Review how to provide opportunities for learners to practice their Essay

Review how to provide opportunities for learners to practice their literacy, language, numeracy and ICT skills - Essay Example Tutor led group discussion and student led discussions can be used to encourage learners to practice their language skills. Every student should participate and have set questions for answering and asking each other. Learners are encouraged to improve their language skills in ice breaker sessions by instructing them to work together by holding conversations and asking each other questions (Reid and Johnson 2012, 89). To improve numerical skills, students should be encouraged to practice numerical skills through charts, tables and graphs with relevant information. Students must read and solve math problems during English lessons. A tutor can also create opportunities in learners’ lessons to use numerical skills when using percentages to workout statistics. This will help them work out percentages and display them by drawing tables and pie charts. The use of ICT can also be embedded in math lessons through asking students to use graphs and spreadsheet to feed the computer with information. The tutor can also use ICT to instruct learners on creating PowerPoint presentations to the groups when on vocational studies. ICT can be utilised in lessons through creation of podcasts or videos needed by students to find and view the information. ICT can still be a method of learning during job search lessons that is when looking for employment through online websites and when taking online career

Project Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Project Report - Essay Example In order to makes themselves stand apart from their competitors and gain competitive advantage; businesses are adopting various project management strategies. By adopting such strategies businesses all over the world are responding to a challenging economic environment thereby positioning scarce investment funds in order to purse and attain a competitive edge in this seemingly competitive world. These initiatives are actually delivered by the projects that businesses undertake which represents a significant investment for the organizations concerned. In order to conduct a robust research, we have adopted a survey questionnaire methodology which catered to set forth questions regarding various aspects of project management followed and implemented within an organization. The survey was conducted over the telephone and was directed towards senior level officials of businesses based in UAE. The sample size was 30 and the reason for such a sample was to overcome any complexities in ambig uities associated with the answers that are obtained from the survey. Moreover, the time allocated for the survey also limited the number of officials who could be interviewed. Having done an in-depth study, it was seen that, businesses are not being able to deliver the commitments related to a project successfully. Although some businesses are delivering the promised commitments, however, the delivery is quite inconsistent. The value that a business is expecting to obtain from a particular project investment is not being achieved, as a result of which the discipline of project management is coming under question. The survey that we conducted in the year 2012 has formed a good ground work which provided a useful insight about global challenges and based upon that we have been able to provide further detail regarding economic challenges and how proper project management helps in tackling such challenges. The trends have changed over the last two years and significant improvement have been seen the project management strategies adopted by businesses all over the world. An increase in the number of project that is being undertaken has witnessed. The study identifies effective management strategies that are critical competitive differentiator and how they are being adopted by businesses in the UAE in order to beat the competition. The project also caters to highlight certain project management practices that will help GASCO to attain more value from investments made in projects and to do so on a consistent basis. Background of the Problem Abu Dhabi Gas Industries Ltd GASCO established in the year 1978 under the benefaction of H.H. Sheikh Zayed Bin sultan Al Nahyan. GASCO is a joint venture between Shell 15%, ADNOC 68%, Partex 2%, Total 15% and ATHEER. The organization aims at capitalizing the significant gas resources of UAE to create competitive advantage. Honesty, integrity and respect are the three pillars of the company’s vision and it also focuses on t he health, safety of people and better environment. The company is also known for sustainable development which allows them to maintain a balance between the long term and short term interest of the business (Davidoff, 2009; Fannin, 2011; Fryer, 2001). It has been observed that in the recent past the company has been dealing with the issue of quality management. The issue of

Effects of Caffeine and Nicotine on the Mind

Effects of Caffeine and Nicotine on the Mind Jodi Hawkins Nicotine and caffeine are substances that most people do not consider a drug, but most do acknowledge that they are addictive substances. The effects on the mind and body are something else that most do not consider significant, however, both are highly addictive and affect numerous aspects of the mind and body. This paper will cover some of the misconceptions and myths and provide clarification of the actual effects of nicotine and caffeine on the mind and body. Caffeine is probably one of the most misconstrued drug of the two and most do not consider it much of a danger or consider that it has effects on the body other than simply producing a bit of energy. Die hard caffeine drinkers will often complain of a headache if they do not have their normal dose of caffeine, while it appears to have no effect on others no matter how much or how often they consume it. What must be understood about caffeine is that it is a drug, it is considered a psychoactive drug, and has effects on the body that must be taken into consideration. Julien, Advokat, and Comaty (2011) discuss the known effects such as the effects on the central nervous system (CNS), the cardiac and respiratory systems, the diuretic effects, therapeutic effects including treatment of asthma and migraines, and describe caffeinism. Caffeinism is a clinical syndrome that occurs when there has been an overuse of caffeine and symptoms include anxiety, agitation, and insomnia as well as tachycardia, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmia’s and gastrointestinal disturbances. This goes to show that caffeine is like many drugs in that it can be a good thing if used in moderation, but can have adverse side effects when used improperly or overused. Perhaps one of the most common therapeutic uses of caffeine is the use for migraine headache and headache in general. It can be found in combination with aspirin in several products due to the constriction of blood vessels it causes. When the vessels constrict it decreases the blood flow to the brain by up to thirty percent which can reduce pressure to the brain relieving the headache (Julien, Advokat, Comaty, 2011). Consumption of caffeine that is prolonged can cause several adverse effects such as headache, fatigue, osteoporosis, adrenal stimulation, and apathy, and also has the ability to cross the placental and blood-brain barrier and has the potential to cause fetal malformation if the fetus has not developed the enzymes needed for demethylation of caffeine (Gummadi, Bhavya, Ashok, 2012). So in essence, some of the desirable and therapeutic effects that are garnered such as headache relief and energy increase can reverse in overuse or prolonged use. And even though it is a drug, it is not a regulated drug but is a much researched drug due to the therapeutic effects and the seemingly endless applications. Athletics is an application where caffeine is highly promoted in energy drinks, energy bars, and diet aids. Although caffeine is considered a stimulant and performance enhancing it is widely accepted and not regulated or banned from use in athletic competitions. McDaniel, McIntire, Streitz, Jackson, and Gaudet (2010) discuss some of the research done in regard to athletic performance and caffeine use and the increase in speed and power and ability to train longer when caffeine is used. Nicotine is another drug that is not necessarily considered a drug by the general public, although there is a general consensus that it is found in tobacco products and not necessarily good for the body. Unfortunately this assumption is mainly based on the fact that it is in tobacco and the tobacco is usually the focus of most mainstream media along with the effects of tobacco on the user and second-hand effects on people in the vicinity of the user. While tobacco is unhealthy, it is the nicotine contained in the tobacco products that causes the addiction to the tobacco and should have more focus placed on it when discussing or reporting the negative effects of tobacco. Nicotine like caffeine is a psychoactive drug and is one of the three most widely used (the other two being caffeine and ethyl alcohol), and while it has no therapeutic applications in medicine it is nevertheless widely used and has a well-defined toxicity (Julien et al., 2011). Nicotine use used to be limited to more traditional cigars, pipes, cigarettes, chewing tobacco, and snuff, but more recently it has been expanded to include other smokeless products as smoking has been more and more regulated. Some of the products that are currently flooding the market are strips, sticks, pellets, snus pouches, e-cigarettes (smokeless nicotine vapor electronic cigarettes). Traditional cigarettes contain between 0.5 and 2.0 milligrams of nicotine, but some of the smokeless applications such as the strips can contain just under a milligram to as much as four milligrams of nicotine in one use (Julien et al., 2011). Nicotine is absorbed through every site on or in the body and the elimination half-life in a chronic smoker is approximately two hours which necessitates a frequent administration to avoid withdrawal symptoms, and has effects on the peripheral nervous system, hear, and other body structures (Julien et al., 2011). In researching the addictive properties of nicotine, there is far less research found on the actual effects than there is on cessation from the addiction. Some articles say that nicotine is addictive as heroin while others say that one could not possibly ingest enough nicotine to equal the addictiveness of other drugs, and both types of articles have multiple peer reviewed sources to back up the claims. This author has first- hand experience with nicotine and tobacco use/addiction, and while tobacco can be an enjoyable experience, it is this author’s personal view that believes the research that claims that nicotine is highly addictive causing withdrawal symptoms and cravings. Withdrawal symptoms can include nervousness, agitation, mood swings, lack of concentration, and increased appetite as observed by the author. The increased appetite at times appears to be a nervous response to needing something to do with the hands and mouth rather than an actual increase in appetite, but regardless it can and does often lead to weight gain upon cessation of smoking. Julien et al. (2011) further reinforce this belief as abstinence symptoms listed include the previously mentioned along with restlessness, insomnia, and severe cravings, as well as pointing out that many times when smokers seek treatment for drug or alcohol addictions it is often more difficult to quit smoking than to quit other drugs. No matter how adverse the effects of nicotine is on the body or mind, the primary problem is that the products that nicotine are in cause far worse health problems than the nicotine does. Various forms of cancer, increased risk of stroke, and heart attack are just a few physical problems directly related to tobacco use, and although e-cigarettes are touted as being relatively safe because they do not contain tobacco product the fact remains that they still contain a substance that is considered addictive. Any drug that is considered as addictive, can and will have adverse effects on one’s body and should not be treated lightly, and as in the case of nicotine a drug that directly affects the brain is nothing to sneeze at. Nicotine induces physiological and psychological dependence in the majority of smokers and very few smokers seem capable of sudden termination of smoking without experiencing abstinence symptoms (Julien et al., 2011). What also must be taken into consideration is the effects of second-hand smoke that is experienced by others in the close vicinity of a tobacco smoker, and it is the carcinogens in the smoke and not the nicotine that causes the health problems that can be experienced when subjected to second-hand smoke. One thing that should be taken into consideration is that both nicotine and caffeine are considered drugs, addictive drugs that are also psychoactive and thus mood altering. According to the Bible our bodies are God’s temple, â€Å"What? know ye not that your body is the temple of the Holy Ghost which is in you, which ye have of God, and ye are not your own?† (I Corinthians 6:19, KJV) which would bring one to the conclusion that any substance that alters one’s being and is not therapeutic (medically prescribed and necessary) should not be used. This does not mean that most people consider either nicotine or caffeine as a sin, but if the Bible is taken literally then both substances would be considered forbidden. While there are some religions that do consider caffeine along with any other mood altering substance as forbidden, it is generally accepted as can be witnessed in almost any church kitchen for most contain coffee and coffee making appliances. Smoking is more frowned upon by most Christians, but as other vices in this day and age is not considered as â€Å"bad† as it once was Biblically speaking, just physically detrimental. In conclusion, the evidence is overwhelming that both nicotine and caffeine are physically and psychologically addictive, but caffeine is the only one of the two that has therapeutic uses but still must be used in moderation to avoid adverse effects. References Gummadi S N Bhavya B Ashok N 2012 Physiology, biochemistry and possible applications of microbial caffeine degradation.Gummadi, S. N., Bhavya, B., Ashok, N. (2012). Physiology, biochemistry and possible applications of microbial caffeine degradation. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 93(2), 545-554. 201401121455511055491090 Julien R M Advokat C D Comaty J E 2011 primer of drug actionJulien, R. M., Advokat, C. D., Comaty, J. E. (2011). A primer of drug action (12th ed.). New York, NY: Worth Publishers. 2014011214131192421770 McDaniel L W McIntire K Streitz C Jackson A Gaudet L 2010 effects of caffeine on athletic performance.McDaniel, L. W., McIntire, K., Streitz, C., Jackson, A., Gaudet, L. (2010). The effects of caffeine on athletic performance. College Teaching Methods Styles Journal, 6(1), 33-37. 20140112152043315758228

Jonathon Swift: A Modest Proposal Essay

Jonathon Swift: A Modest Proposal Jonathon Swift’s A Modest Proposal is a parody on the economic situation of the society in which he attempts to â€Å"find out a fair, cheap and easy method† (Swift) for the children in poverty to be put to good use for good of Ireland. This is seen right away in the full title of the pamphlet, â€Å"A Modern Proposal for Preventing the Children of Poor People from Being a Burden to their Parents, or the County, and for Making them Beneficial to the Publick.† The reader begins to realize that Swift does not actually wish to implement these ideas of a baby being â€Å"a most delicious nourishing, and wholesome food† (Swift) once this extreme idea is proposed. Through this extreme proposal of cannibalism and breeding children to solve poverty and overpopulation, he makes the reader vulnerable while also eager to find out more. As entertaining as this text is, it is more than just a comic. Swift wishes to relay a much deeper meaning to the reader. In Robert Phiddian’s article, Have You Eaten Yet., Phiddian recognizes â€Å"the moral-political argument being carried out by means of parody.† (Phiddian) The moral issue, here, is poverty and the political issue is population, yet rarely do these issues remain as clear and separate as intended. Look more:  satire essay examples essay While Swift initially makes the reader chuckle several times throughout the text, he is venting about the societal ills that go unnoticed daily. He is aggravated by the hypocrisy of the wealthy trying to help the poor by coming up with such outlandish ideas that they think will supposedly solve poverty. Poverty is inevitable in a free market therefore with the money that the poor would receive â€Å"may be liable to distress and help pay their Landlord’s rent.† (Swift) Swift wants the reader to realize that no matter how great the ideas of the wealthy are, their motivation is to make a buck from these plans that they devise in their parlors over a cup of tea. â€Å"There is nothing higher than selfish greed within the terms of economic discourse† as Phiddian points out. Even in society today, there are always those people that wish to solve the issue of poverty, but can’t seem to realize that these implications are not easily resolved and are part of socie ty. Swift had compassion for the Irish people and felt for them in their severe  state, but he also shows disgust with the people of Ireland for not even trying on their own behalf. Prior to Swift writing A Modest Proposal he had written several sermons, which provide a background into the state of Ireland and how the people ended up in this predicament. â€Å"The members of this class are being called to their responsibilities and reminded of the guilt they share for the condition of their country.† (Phiddian) Swift leaves no stone unturned in the text and does not excuse any party from the awful state that Ireland is in at this point in time. Swift manages to target most of the groups in Ireland including the politicians, aristocracy, and even the poor. These and outside causes like that of England are included in the parody. Essentially, Swift trying to get the reader to understand that not one person can solve the problems of poverty and overpopulation. In fact, it is part of society and has been for centuries. The struggles are apparent before Swifts time and even now. He is able to address two sets of readers in a sense; one of his time and one of the future, our time. â€Å"While people continue to starve and to live in abject poverty, an analogy exists between Swift’s readers’ situation and our own.† (Phiddian) The reader is able to identify with the subject and the point that Swift is trying to make of the societal ills of the time through this â€Å"moral-political argument.† (Phiddian) in turn see that behind the gore and obscene ideas that he has come up with, there is a voice that needs to be heard. What would normally be a boring economic update or a political argument over what the country needs to do has been transformed by Swift into a masterpiece that peeks the interest of those other than the politicians. He is able to catch our attention as a reader by many surprises and then able to make us think critically about policies, values, and society as a whole in general. Reference Page Robert Phiddian Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900 Vol. 36, No. 3, Restoration andEighteenth Century (Summer, 1996), pp. 603-621 Published by: Rice University

How Music Makes the World Happy

Analysis Memory Cost In the last 30 years, the need for hard drives to be capable to hold more memory has been on a very fast rise. This Is due to our operating systems that are larger and the fact that more people needing or wanting to use computers more. Technology has grown so much. 20 years ago only about half of us had computers in our homes. Today almost everybody has at least 1 desktop and 1 portable. We keep pictures of our children on computers, have more programs to use in everyday life, control our finances, do school work, our Job has a need for computers, and love to play games ND use the internet.Every day these things take up more and more memory storage. The last time researchers hit a limit for expanding memory was 2005. We take this fact, that there are limits, for granted. That every now and then there is a limit that cannot be topped. Researchers say that that limit again Is going to reached somewhere around 2013-2015. There Is a new technology for the HAD (hard d isk drive) called the HAM (heat-assisted magnetic recording). This will bring massive storage growth and raise the Industry way beyond 100 TUB. Currently there is a 100 TUB hard drive. When will it be commercially available?After researching several charts I would say in about 5-10 years. At this point the average person would not even need this much memory and the price would be extremely expensive. So I am going to say in about 5-10 years we will meet supply and demand on a 100 TUB hard drive. Ten years from I am predicting that I could buy a 8 TUB hard drive for around $100 dollars. I cannot get a very educated guess on this because the all the history charts on this vary. But I took what I could buy today and used Morel's law and came up with an 8 TUB hard drive will cost about $100 dollars In the year 2023. And that Is If we even use HAD at that time.

A Brief Overview of British Literary Periods

Although historians have delineated the eras of British literature in different ways over time, common divisions are outlined below.   Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Period (450–1066) The term Anglo-Saxon comes from two Germanic tribes, the Angles and the Saxons. This period of literature dates back to their invasion (along with the Jutes) of Celtic England circa 450. The era ends in 1066, when Norman France, under William, conquered England. Much of the first half of this period, prior to the seventh century, at least, had oral literature. A lot of the prose during this time was a translation of something else or legal, medical, or religious in nature; however, some works, such as Beowulf,  and those by period poets Caedmon and Cynewulf, are important. Middle English Period (1066–1500) The Middle English period sees a huge transition in the language, culture, and lifestyle of England and results in what we can recognize today as a form of â€Å"modern† (recognizable) English. The era extends to around 1500. As with the Old English period, much of the Middle English writings were religious in nature; however, from about 1350 onward, secular literature began to rise. This period is home to the likes of Chaucer, Thomas Malory, and Robert Henryson. Notable works include Piers Plowman and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.   The Renaissance (1500–1660) Recently, critics and literary historians have begun to call this the â€Å"Early Modern† period, but here we retain the historically familiar term â€Å"Renaissance.† This period is often subdivided into four parts, including the Elizabethan Age (1558–1603), the Jacobean Age (1603–1625), the Caroline Age (1625–1649), and the Commonwealth Period (1649–1660).   The Elizabethan Age was the golden age of English drama. Some of its noteworthy figures include Christopher Marlowe, Francis Bacon, Edmund Spenser, Sir Walter Raleigh, and, of course, William Shakespeare.  The Jacobean Age is named for the reign of James I. It includes the works of John Donne, Shakespeare, Michael Drayton, John Webster, Elizabeth Cary, Ben Jonson, and Lady Mary Wroth. The King James translation of the Bible also appeared during the Jacobean Age.  The Caroline Age covers the reign of Charles I (â€Å"Carolus†). John Milton, Robert Burton, and George Herbert are some of the notable figures. Finally, the Commonwealth Age was so named for the period between the end of the English Civil War and the restoration of the Stuart monarchy. This is the time when Oliver Cromwell, a Puritan, led Parliament, who ruled the nation. At this time, public theaters were closed (for nearly two decades) to prevent public assembly and to combat moral and religious transgressions. John Milton and Thomas Hobbes’ political writings appeared and, while drama suffered, prose writers such as Thomas Fuller, Abraham Cowley, and Andrew Marvell published prolifically. The Neoclassical Period (1600–1785) The Neoclassical period is also subdivided into ages, including The Restoration (1660–1700), The Augustan Age (1700–1745), and The Age of Sensibility (1745–1785). The Restoration period sees some response to the puritanical age, especially in the theater. Restoration comedies (comedies of manner) developed during this time under the talent of playwrights such as William Congreve and John Dryden. Satire, too, became quite popular, as evidenced by the success of Samuel Butler. Other notable writers of the age include Aphra Behn, John Bunyan, and John Locke. The Augustan Age was the time of Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift, who imitated those first Augustans and even drew parallels between themselves and the first set. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, a poet, was prolific at this time and noted for challenging stereotypically female roles. Daniel Defoe was also popular.   The Age of Sensibility  (sometimes referred to as the Age of Johnson) was the time of Edmund Burke, Edward Gibbon, Hester Lynch Thrale, James Boswell, and, of course, Samuel Johnson. Ideas such as neoclassicism, a critical and literary mode, and the Enlightenment, a particular worldview shared by many intellectuals, were championed during this age. Novelists to explore include Henry Fielding, Samuel Richardson, Tobias Smollett, and Laurence Sterne, as well as the poets William Cowper and Thomas Percy. The Romantic Period (1785–1832) The beginning date for the Romantic period is often debated. Some claim it is 1785, immediately following the Age of Sensibility. Others say it began in 1789 with the start of the French Revolution, and still, others believe that 1798, the publication year for William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s book Lyrical Ballads, is its true beginning. The time period ends with the passage of the Reform Bill (which signaled the Victorian Era) and with the death of Sir Walter Scott. American literature has its own Romantic period, but typically when one speaks of Romanticism, one is referring to this great and diverse age of British literature, perhaps the most popular and well-known of all literary ages. This era includes the works of such juggernauts as Wordsworth, Coleridge, William Blake, Lord Byron, John Keats, Charles Lamb, Mary Wollstonecraft, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Thomas De Quincey, Jane Austen, and Mary Shelley. There is also a minor period, also quite popular (between 1786–1800), called the Gothic era.  Writers of note for this period include Matthew Lewis, Anne Radcliffe, and William Beckford. The Victorian Period (1832–1901) This period is named for the reign of Queen Victoria, who ascended to the throne in 1837,  and it lasts until her death in 1901.  It was a time of great social, religious, intellectual, and economic issues, heralded by the passage of the Reform Bill, which expanded voting rights. The period has often been divided into â€Å"Early† (1832–1848), â€Å"Mid† (1848–1870) and â€Å"Late† (1870–1901) periods or into two phases, that of the Pre-Raphaelites (1848–1860) and that of Aestheticism and Decadence (1880–1901). This period is in strong contention with the Romantic period for being the most popular, influential, and prolific period in all of English (and world) literature. Poets of this time include Robert and Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Christina Rossetti, Alfred Lord Tennyson, and Matthew Arnold, among others. Thomas Carlyle, John Ruskin, and Walter Pater were advancing the essay form at this time.  Finally, prose fiction truly found its place under the auspices of Charles Dickens, Charlotte and Emily Bronte, Elizabeth Gaskell, George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans), Anthony Trollope, Thomas Hardy, William Makepeace Thackeray, and Samuel Butler.   The Edwardian Period (1901–1914) This period is named for King Edward VII and covers the period between Victoria’s death and the outbreak of World War I. Although a short period (and a short reign for Edward VII), the era includes incredible classic novelists such as Joseph Conrad, Ford Madox Ford, Rudyard Kipling, H.G. Wells, and Henry James (who was born in America but who spent most of his writing career in England), notable poets such as Alfred Noyes and William Butler Yeats, as well as dramatists such as James Barrie, George Bernard Shaw, and John Galsworthy. The Georgian Period (1910–1936) The Georgian period usually refers to the reign of George V (1910–1936) but sometimes also includes the reigns of the four successive Georges from 1714–1830. Here, we refer to the former description as it applies chronologically and covers, for example, the Georgian poets, such as Ralph Hodgson, John Masefield, W.H. Davies, and Rupert Brooke. Georgian poetry today is typically considered to be the works of minor poets anthologized by Edward Marsh. The themes and subject matter tended to be rural or pastoral in nature, treated delicately and traditionally rather than with passion (like was found in the previous periods) or with experimentation (as would be seen in the upcoming modern period).   The Modern Period (1914–?) The modern period traditionally applies to works written after the start of World War I. Common features include bold experimentation with subject matter, style, and form, encompassing narrative, verse, and drama. W.B. Yeats’ words, â€Å"Things fall apart; the center cannot hold† are often referred to when describing the core tenet or â€Å"feeling† of modernist concerns. Some of the most notable writers of this period, among many, include the novelists James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, Aldous Huxley, D.H. Lawrence, Joseph Conrad, Dorothy Richardson, Graham Greene, E.M. Forster, and Doris Lessing; the poets W.B. Yeats, T.S. Eliot, W.H. Auden, Seamus Heaney, Wilfred Owens, Dylan Thomas, and Robert Graves; and the dramatists Tom Stoppard, George Bernard Shaw, Samuel Beckett, Frank McGuinness, Harold Pinter, and Caryl Churchill. New Criticism also appeared at this time, led by the likes of Woolf, Eliot, William Empson, and others, which reinvigorated literary criticism in general. It is difficult to say whether modernism has ended, though we know that postmodernism has developed after and from it; for now, the genre remains ongoing. The Postmodern Period (1945–?) The postmodern period begins about the time that World War II ended. Many believe it is a direct response to modernism. Some say the period ended about 1990, but it is likely too soon to declare this period closed.  Poststructuralist literary theory and criticism developed during this time. Some notable writers of the period include Samuel Beckett, Joseph Heller, Anthony Burgess, John Fowles, Penelope M. Lively, and Iain Banks. Many postmodern authors wrote during the modern period as well.